African Americans in Long Beach and Southern California: A History
ABOUT THE BOOK:
Racial discrimination and unrest are intertwined with the history of Long Beach and Southern California in Ms. Burnett’s latest book. African Americans in Long Beach and Southern California begins in the 1800s and continues to 1970, reaching into later years to describe what that history has led to today. Ms. Burnett spent over five years researching recently digitized African American newspapers which has allowed her access to the black perspective on issues rarely written about in the white press or by other authors. Personal stories, legislation, Southland history and possible solutions to decades old problems are presented, making for an interesting and informative read. It is a unique, seminal work, sure to open the eyes of many.
Here’s a sample of what you will find:
FORMER SLAVES
-
Gold rush pioneer Nate Harrison who escaped slavery, fleeing to Southern California.
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Abram and Amanda Cleag, who persevered despite severe tragedies.
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Jefferson L. Edmonds, owner/editor of the African American newspaper the Liberator, born a slave in Virginia who considered how fortunate he had been to have kind owners.
HISTORY
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How Willmore City became Long Beach and the growth of the city.
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Advent of the railroad in Southern California.
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The Ku Klux Klan.
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African Americans in the Civil War, Spanish American War, World Wars I and II, and Korea.
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Long Beach Earthquake of 1933 and the 1932 Olympics.
HEROES
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D. H. Hoyt, who led rescue efforts to help those trapped in the Hotel Virginia collapse, despite his own injuries.
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Warren Jordan, a decorated Army veteran who became Long Beach’s first African American police officer.
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Bailey Johnson, a doorman at the Breakers Hotel, who proudly wore his Croix de Guerre with Palm, and a Purple Heart awarded him for heroic service during WWI.
LEGISLATION
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Fugitive Slave Law.
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Atlantic Compromise of 1895.
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Civil Rights Acts.
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Rumford Fair Housing Act.
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Affirmative Action.
KILLINGS
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Anthony Wilkins shot by an off-duty LA policeman at the Hollywood Bowl.
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Ron Settles found dead in a Signal Hill jail cell.
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Rev. William Hardy who, in helping a parishioner, was convicted of murder.
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R.C.O. Benjamin murdered while helping register blacks to vote in Kentucky.
ACTIVISTS
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Ernest McBride, Lavade Jones, Roscoe Hayes and Nathan Holly who brought the NAACP to Long Beach.
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Darthula Bouggess and Willie White who established the Roland Hayes Political Study Club and an educational scholarship for African Americans.
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Elijah Lane, who led a protest against a game on the Pike known as “Drowning the Nig***”
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George H. Hawkins who helped form the Colored Business Men’s League of Los Angeles.
Comments such as this one have been received from local African Americans: Charles Brown, community advocate, who received an advance copy writes: I couldn’t wait… I just completed a “quick scan” of your draft, and I am overwhelmed by the thoroughness and clarity of what I did have chance to survey. I can tell you now that it is the most definitive coverage of African American History in the Long Beach/Southern California area, I have read. I was struck by the depth of documentation and resources you had available to you to not only validate the information you imparted, but also provided the context and “flavor” of the times it was written. Again, thank you so much for allowing me to be a part of the soon to be growing tribe of aficionados of your work.
View what Gary Metzger had to say about the book.
Watch the video of author Claudine Burnett discussing her book.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BEGINNINGS 1800s-1900
The American Colony
Slaves in the Gold Rush and in the Civil War
Willmore City Becomes Long Beach
African Americans Move West
Spanish American War
A NEW CENTURY 1900-1920
Earning a Living
Fighting for Respect and Justice
Religion
World War I
THE GREAT MIGRATION 1920-1940
Change
The Newcomers
Social News
Ku Klux Klan
Leisure
The Great Depression
A New Deal and an Earthquake
THE SECOND GREAT MIGRATION 1940-1970
Preparing for War
US Enters the War
African American Servicemen and Women
USO and Other Entertainment
Adjusting to a Short-Lived Peace
Seeking Equality
Convention Troubles
Police Corruption and Brutality
Education
Achieving Success
INDEX
A
Actors & Actresses. See Entertainers
Affirmative Action. See Legislation
African Methodist Episcopal Church. See Churches:African Methodist Episcopal
African Mexicans, v, 9
Afro-American League, 56, 68, 77-80
Agriculture, 4, 15, 26, 33, 42, 53-56, 57-58, 83, 94, 117, 121,
Airport, 203, 208, 211, 224, 233, 237,
Alabama, 75, 77, 86, 229, 251
Alcohol, iii, 18, 25, 73, 129, 146, 172, 198, 204, 253- 254, 256
Alexander, P. J., 58
American Civil Liberties Union, 293
American Colonization Society. See Back to Africa movement
American Colony, 1, 5-6, 25-26
American Federation of Labor. See Unions
Anaheim, 1, 5, 50, 53
Anderson, Chester H., Rev., 91-92
Anderson, Claude E., 273-274
Anderson, Marian, 203, 239
Antigua, 82-83
Apartments, 22, 84, 122-123, 141, 180, 266, 273, 277, 278, 282-283, 289, 294, 327, 348
Apostolic Mission. See Churches:Apostolic Mission
Arkansas, 4, 21, 114, 128, 129, 131, 147, 252, 280, 348
Armstrong, Louis, 142
Auto industry,181, 188, 213-215, 271, 347
Azusa Street Revival, 99, 101
B
Back-to-Africa movement, 103-106, 145
Bailey, Clarence R., 122
Bailey, Herbert Jr., 252-253
Bailey, Pearl, 177
Balboa Film Studio. See Films
Baltimore, Charles, 112
Banks, 35, 188, 195, 261
Banks, U. C., 204
Barner, Ida, 64
Barner, John, 64-65, 203
Barner, Theodosia, 203
Barnes, Walter, 257
Bass, Charlotta, 141, 225, 264-265, 275-276
Bass, J. B., 171
Bay View Hotel. See Hotels:Bay View
Beason, James H., 231
Beauty contests, 168-169, 304, 307-311, 317, 318,
Bedley, Jim, 72
Begley, Carrie. See Jackson, Carrie Begley
Begley, Robert, 131
Bellflower, 125
Belmont Heights, 72-73
Bendy, Ernest. See Jackson, Dynamite
Benjamin, R .C. O., 81-84
Birth of a Nation. See Films:Birth of a Nation
Bixby Hotel. See Hotels:Virginia
Bixby Knolls, 131, 181, 277, 289-291 314,
Bixby, Jotham, 5, 6, 56-57, 60
Black Lives Matter, 14, 328, 365
Black Students’ Union. See Schools:Long Beach State College
Bliss, Warren A., 97
Bonner, Clark J., 279
Borden, Thomas C., 84-86, 88
Bouggess, Darthula, 128, 131-132, 179, 179, 202
Bouggess, George, 131
Boyd, Mildred, 169
Boyd, Sina. See Stubblefield, Sina
Brammlet, Joe and Lena, 91
Brenner, Bernard D., 313-314
Brooks, Willie B., 128
Brown, Caroline, 239
Brown, Ferris, 184
Brown, Marcia, 137
Brown, Otie, 86-87
Brown, Romeo, 18
Brown, Sheila, 137
Bruce’s Beach, 161-166
Brusso, Noah and Julia, 182-184
Bryson, Roger, 334
Buduit, Harold, 283-284
Buffalo soldiers. See U. S. Army: Buffalo soldiers
Bull, Sara, 91
Burgess, William C., 173-174
Burke, Theodosia. See Barner, Theodosia
Burns, Joseph, 132-134
Burns, Tommy. See Brusso, Noah
Butler, Mamie and Oliver, 130
Butterfield, James I., 154, 155-156
C
Cafes
Dude Ranch, 204
Hayes Brothers, 203
House of Rhythm, 257
Little Brown Jug, 251-253, 256
Royal Palm, 348
Wave, 203-204
California Immigrant Union, 4-5
California Recreation Center. See Ernest McBride Park & California Recreation Community Center,
Cambodians, 366
Campbell, E. B., 319
Canada, 11, 101, 113, 182, 183,
Carlton, Wilbur, 73-75
Carver, George W., 239
Catley, Elizabeth, 164
Central Long Beach, iii, 80, 95, 115, 124, 179-180,196, 226, 246, 252, 274, 280, 287, 294-295, 297, 299-300, 366
Ceruti, E. Burton, 151-152
Chambers, Bobbie, 333
Chambers, Clarence, 253-254
Charles, H. B., Rev., 274-275
Chinese, 13, 33, 71-72, 179, 366
Churches
African Methodist Episcopal, 82, 98-99, 101-103,
Apostolic Mission, 99-101
First Christian, 149-150
Grant Chapel AME, 90, 101-103, 130
Mt. Sinai Baptist, 130
Non-Sectarians, 160
Second Baptist, iv, 18, 64, 69, 81, 90, 91-98, 129, 131, 135, 172-177, 202, 274-276,
Second Baptist Church of Los Angeles, 91-94, 95,
St. Anthony, 61, 183
St. John’s Baptist, 117
Tabernacle Baptist Church of Los Angeles, 91
Zion Hill Baptist, 172-173
Cidalise-Montaise, Ginette, 304, 307-310
Citizens’ Committee. See USO Citizens’ Committee
City College. See Schools:City College
Civil Rights Acts. See Legislation
Civil War, v, 12, 13, 15, 16-23, 41, 43, 44, 53, 57, 77, 78, 109, 134, 147
Claproth, H. A., 100
Clark, Hal R., 166-167, 170
Clay, Alexander and Marie, 130-131
Clayton, Rhea, 130
Cleag, Abram, 16-19
Cleag, Amanda, 17-19
Cleag, Sallie. See Pierce, Sallie
Clifton, Ruth, 248
Cole, Charles C., 155-156
Colleges. See Schools
Collins, Lee, 321
Colored Business Men’s League of Los Angeles, 77-78
Colored Citizens League, 129
Colored Elks Club. See Elks:Colored
Community Improvement League, 297-298, 311, 343
Compton, 274, 284-285, 289, 306, 333, 343
Congo Room. See: Elks: Congo Room
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). See Unions
Cooper, Larkin Y., 123
Cox, Hiden T., 342
Craw, Henry, 43
Crawford, Charlie Mae. See Lomax, Charlie Mae
Crenshaw, Aileen, 333
Crothers, Scatman, 257
Cuba, 41-45
Cypress, CA., 58
D
Daniels, Clarence, 3-4, 180
Daniels, Dora Robinson, 3-4, 114, 180-181
Daniels, Everett, 321
Daniels, Geraldine, 4, 181
Davis, Hazel, 169
Day, Aaron, 346, 350
De Cuir, Benny R., 219-221
Delmonico Hotel. See Hotels:Delmonico
Democratic National Convention, 305-306
Denkey, John, 95-98
DeVries, Martin, 239
Discrimination, 70-72, 79-80, 128, 142, 149, 165, 202, 294, 300-302, 305-306, 307-310, 321, 324, 332, 333, 361-362, 366
Employment, 65-66, 72, 186, 200-201, 214-215, 224-245, 272-273, 280, 297
Housing, 69-70, 95, 132, 215-216, 276-277, 281-284, 289, 297, 298-299, 348
In the military, 45, 112, 114, 233, 263, 266-267
Douglas Aircraft, 211, 218-219, 224, 233-234, 236, 237, 245, 248, 258, 265, 273
Douglass, Frederick, 21,
Dovalis, John, 273-274
Doyle, Clyde, 306
Drake, Charles Rivers, 59, 60,
Drake Park, 84-85
Du Bois, W. E. B., 148-149, 151, 366
Dumas, Audrey, 333
E
Ealey, James, 252
Earthquakes, Long Beach: 194-197, 198, 213
Echols, Charles, 204
Edmonds, Jefferson Lewis, 57-58, 138-140
Education, 76, 77, 117, 149, 230, 248, 274, 287, 296, 297-298, 331-334, 336, 341-343, 344, 348, 349, 366
Edwards, Alonso, 112
Edwards, Arthur, 257
Edwards, B. E., Rev., 101-102
Edwards, Cora, 282-283
Edwards, Esther, 129
Elks,
Colored, 247, 253, 254-256
Congo Room, 251-253, 254
Emancipation Proclamation, 21, 46
Empire Day disaster, 116
Employment, 17, 51-53, 54, 60, 63-66, 77, 78, 80-81, 86-87, 94, 121, 124, 135, 137-138, 140, 179, 181, 190, 197, 200-202, 211, 224- 225, 235, 270, 271 279-280, 296-297, 347
Civil service, 87, 117, 138, 271-272, 348,
Salaries, 2-3, 33, 86, 186-188, 205, 300
Unemployment. See Unemployment
Employment discrimination. See Discrimination:Employment
Entertainers, 65, 168, 175, 200, 203-204, 239, 255, 257,
Ernest McBride Park & California Recreation Community Center, 129, 136, 216, 220, 247, 249, 250, 276, 298, 324
Eureka Villa. See Val Verde
Evans, Daniel Webster, 46-47
F
Fair Employment Practices Committee, 224-225, 294
Fair Housing Foundation. See Housing:Fair Housing Foundation
Farming. See Agriculture
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 197
Federal Housing Authority (FHA). See Housing: Federal Housing Authority
Films, 168, 169, 175, 181-182, 248, 307
Birth of a Nation, 162-163
Finch, Harry Jr., 316-317
First Christian Church. See Churches:First Christian
Fleming, Marvin, 289
Florida, 45, 101, 317, 328, 365
Floyd, George, 323, 327, 343, 344, 363
Ford Motor Company. See Auto industry
Fugitive Slave Law. See Legislation
G
Gambling, 171-172, 250, 253
Garcia, Genero, 338
Garden Grove, 283-284, 332
Garland, Helen and Jay, 314-317
Garland, Jayda. See Whittier, Jayda
Garvey, Marcus, 106, 145, 148-149
Georgia, 56, 92, 150-151, 156
Gibson, Althea, 286
Gilmore, Effie. See Sanders, Effie
Gilmore, Otto, 114-115, 180
Godfrey, George, 251, 252
Gold Rush, 9-11
Gordon, John, Rev., 91-92
Gordon, Roscoe, 225
Gordon, Stewart C., 320-321
Grant Chapel AME Church. See Churches:Grant Chapel AME
Gray, John Wesley, 134-135
Gray, Priscella, 91, 134-135, 231
Green, Louis, 13-14, 25
Green, Melvin Joe, 287
Green, Roy, 152-153
Griffin, Milton, 256
Grosselfinger, Edmund, 247, 250
H
Hall, Howard, 216
Harbor, 35, 37-38, 62, 91, 94, 105, 181, 211, 213, 237, 271, 349
Hardy, William, Rev., 95-96
Harlem Hellfighters. See U. S. Army: Harlem Hellfighters
Harris, Gerard, 283
Harris, Grant, Rev., 173
Harrison, Nate, 9-13, 14-16
Hart, Joseph J., 100-101
Hawkins, George W., 56-59, 76-78, 81, 82, 84, 122
Hayes, J. Vance, 203
Hayes, John, 203
Hayes, Roland. See Roland Hayes Political Study Club
Hayes, Roscoe, 203, 215, 216
Hayes, Theo, 203
Hayes, Willie May, 141
Haynes, Charlie and Ethel, 347-348
Haynes, Sam and Henry, 151-152
Hays, Rogers W. C., 217-218
Henderson Hotel. See Hotels:Henderson
Henderson, Horace, 257
Henderson, J. Raymond, Rev., 262
Henry, Raymond, 316-317, 349
Herrington, Aaron and Maycie, 229-230, 353
Hill, Archie, 73-75
Hill, Birdie, 333
Hispanics. See Latinos
Holly, Nathan, 215, 216
Homestead Act of 1862. See Legislation
Horn, Stephen, 342
Horne, Lena, 175
Hotels
California Ocean View, 123
Del Coronado, 29
Delmonico, 30,51
Henderson, 36
Iowa Villa, 30
Long Beach, 24, 26-28, 29-30, 35, 60
Mission Inn, 27
Palms, 123
Seaside Inn, 42-43
Virginia, 61-63, 128
Housing, 273-274, 276-279
Cabrillo, 207, 274, 280, 281-283
Carmelitos, 206
Fair Housing Foundation, 298-299
Federal Housing Authority (FHA), 205-206
Rent control, 273, 278
Savannah, 207
Truman Boyd Manor, 280, 281
Housing discrimination. See Discrimination:Housing
Howard, David, 43
Howard, Katherine Newsom Wright, 87
Howard, Levi, 86-87, 142-143, 167
Howard, Otie. See Brown, Otie
Hoyt, D. I., 62
Hudson, Henry C., 165
Hughes, Langston, 150-151
Human Relations Committee.
Long Beach, 291-292
Los Angeles County, 334, 336, 361-362
Hunter, Harry P., 128
Huntington Beach, 166-171
I
Immune regiments. See Spanish American War
Imperial Valley, 57-58
Inglewood, 154, 237, 320
Inkwell Beach, 166
International Beauty Congress. See Beauty contests
Interracial marriage. See Legislation
Iowa Villa Hotel. See Hotels:Iowa Villa
J
Jackson, Carl, 112-113
Jackson, Carrie Begley, 131
Jackson, Dynamite, 184-185
Jackson, Henry, Rev., 131
Jacobs, Louis L., 82
James, Elijah, Rev., 275
Japanese, 55, 62, 164, 179, 211, 212, 223, 224, 232, 233, 261, 267
Japanese Americans, 224, 274
Jarret, Flo, 257
Jim Crow. See Discrimination
Johns, Itaska, 130
Johnson, Bailey, 116
Johnson, Dick, 63-64
Johnson, Dumas, 171-172
Johnson, Jack, 184
Johnson, John Lester, 182
Jones, Edward Smyth, 109-110
Jones, Enoch, 87
Jones, Lavade J., 215, 216-217
Jones, Louisa, 52
Jones, R. P., Rev., 102
Jordan, Warren, 316-317, 349
Juvenile delinquency, 238, 241, 248-249
K
Kansas, 43, 56, 99, 103, 131
Kennedy, Claude, 203-204
Kentucky, 11, 20, 21, 83, 255, 327
Kesic, Miroslav, 288-289
King, Martin Luther Jr., 277, 322, 340
King, Rodney, 327
Korean Conflict, 114, 145-148, 153, 154-157, 162-163, 265-266, 267-268, 299
Ku Klux Klan, 114, 145-148, 153, 154-157, 162-163, 299
L
Lacey, Della, 333
Lake Elsinore, 173-174
Lakewood, 198, 213, 277, 278-279, 291
Lane, Elijah, 51, 52, 65-66, 80-81, 84
Lane, Mary, 51, 52, 80-81, 84
Latinos, v, 54, 55, 62, 159, 179, 185, 205, 238-242, 332, 338, 362, 363,
Lecesne, Adolphe, 254
Lee, Archy, 10-11
Lee, Jason, Rev., 94
Lee, Robert E., 262
Lefebvre, Richard R., 319-321
Legislation, iii, 9, 12-13, 14, 20-21, 33, 72, 79-80, 81, 149, 195-196, 254, 271, 277, 280-281, 293-297, 300-301, 302, 306, 318, 331-332, 340, 347, 363-365
Lewis, James E., Rev., 104-106, 145-146
Lewis, Milton, 124-125, 162
Liberator newspaper. See Newspapers
Liberia, 103-106
Libraries, iv, 287, 322, 344
Lindsey, Perry W., 230-231, 354
Locke, Emma and Oree, 138
Lofland, Trusten, 349
Lomax, Charlie Mae, 173, 174, 176
Lomax, Estelle, 173, 176
Lomax, Thurston, Rev., 172-177
Long Beach police See: Police, Long Beach
Long Beach Board of Education. See Schools
Long Beach Civil Rights Committee, 272
Long Beach Hotel. See Hotels:Long Beach
Long Beach Neighborhood Youth Corps, 338-339, 343
Long Beach State College. See Schools:Long Beach State College
Los Alamitos, 56, 213, 237, 279
Los Altos, 277
Los Angeles, vi, 1-2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 13-14, 17-18, 23, 24, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 46, 51, 52, 56, 57, 58-59, 72, 75-76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 91-92, 93-95, 98-99, 101, 102, 105, 109, 110, 124, 130, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 146, 151, 157, 159, 160, 162, 165, 169, 172, 173, 175, 179, 187, 200, 201, 204, 213, 226, 233, 238, 239-241, 245, 273, 276, 298, 310, 313, 317-323, 324, 325, 326, 333, 338-340
Los Angeles River, 38, 51, 295
Los Angeles Terminal Railway Company. See Railroads:Los Angeles Terminal Railway Company
Los Cerritos, 56-57, 77
Louis, Joe, 175, 286
Louisiana, 83, 92, 117, 128, 134-134, 280, 291
Lyles, Geraldine, 333
Lynche, Sylvester, 142, 255
Lynchings, 14, 74, 80, 114, 145, 149
M
MacDonald, Gwendolyn, 333
Mack, Holland, 98
Manhattan Beach, 161-166
Marsh, L. B., 127
Marshall, Thurgood, 266-267, 277
Martin, John, 252
Martin, Ola, 141
Martin, Trayvon, 328
Martinique, 96, 307-310
Mason, Biddy, 98-99
Mason, Harry, 60
Mason, Mitchell H., 313-314
Matthews, George Jr., 252-253
McBride, Ernest, 215-217, 249, 346
McBride, Lillian Veal, 132, 215
McCauley, Joseph, Rev., 99-101
McConley, Mack, 60
McCowen, Adolph, John David and Lodusky, 231
McCowen, Delores and Martha, 333
McCowen, Mary Nancy, 135, 231
McCowen, Walter II, 127, 135, 231
McDaniel, Hattie, 175, 222
McGinest, Crawford, 253
McIntosh, Carl, 301, 302, 341-342,
McLendon, Ben, 152-153, 154, 156
McNeil, Samuel, Rev., 46
McQueen, John, 232
McReynolds, Samuel, 52
McVea, Jack, 204
Medak, George, 320
Medals. See War medals
Metcalfe, Ralph, 192
Mexican-American War, 20
Mexicans. See Latinos
Miles, Earl and Rose, 129
Miller, Clifford, 261
Miller, Frank Augustus, 27
Miller, Johnny, 204
Miller, Loren, 265, 276-277, 291
Miller, Russel, 333
Milligan, Louis, 91
Minister’s Alliance, 216
Miss America contest. See Beauty contests
Miss Universe. See Beauty contests
Miss USA. See Beauty contests
Mission Inn. See Hotels:Mission Inn
Mississippi, 10, 46, 55, 109, 139, 257
Missouri, 4, 11, 28, 116, 130, 131, 140, 230, 232, 277
Mongomery, Art, 342-343, 355
Montaise, Ginette. See Cidalise-Montaise, Ginette
Moore, Bobby, 301
Moore, Elizabeth, 53
Moore, John H., Rev., 147-148
Moore, Sally, 56
Morris, O. W., 232
Morton, Theophilus B., 79-80
Mott, Thomas, 13-14
Movies. See Films
Mt. Sinai Baptist Church. See Churches:Mt. Sinai Baptist
Murder, 12, 36-37, 73-75, 83, 85-86, 95-98, 287-289, 313-314, 325-327, 328, 362, 363
Murray’s Dude Ranch, 174-177
Musicians. See Entertainers
N
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People),76, 151, 152, 163-165, 215-217, 219, 242, 266, 276, 279-280, 289, 292, 294, 296, 314, 315, 319, 350
National Council of Negro Women, 325, 348
National Negro Congress, 276-277
Native Americans, 13-15, 44, 179
Negro District, See Central Long Beach
Negro Victory Committee, 220, 225, 242, 271
Neighborhood Adult Participation Project, 299-300
Neil, Gene and Elinor, 129
Neimore, John, 141
Nelson, Earl, 239
Newport Beach, 170, 171
Newspapers, iii-iv, 41, 82, 99, 127-128, 137, 138-142, 147, 253-254, 256, 257, 264, 285, 305, 307-308
Nickerson, Helen, 167
North Carolina, 20, 33, 43, 70, 229
Nunley, Dora, 114, 180, 181
O
Oakland, 102, 179
O’Brien, Jack, 182
Oil, 120-122, 185, 187, 211, 216, 233, 258, 271
Oklahoma, 117, 129, 231, 280, 290, 293
Olympics. See Sports:Olympics
Owens, Jesse, 192
P
Pacific Beach Club, 166-171
Pacific Coast Club, 198, 219-220
Pacific Electric. See Railroads:Pacific Electric
Palomar, 12-13, 14-16
Parker, Andrew (Jack), 91
Parker, Betty, 333
Parker, Eliza, 91
Peck, George, 161-164
Perdue, Jissha B., 140
Philippines, 42, 46, 236, 262-263
Pickett, Tidye, 191-192
Pierce, Avalon, 18, 19
Pierce, Richard, 17-18
Pierce, Sallie, 17-18, 19
Pike, 59, 60, 65-66, 84, 159, 241, 256-257, 327
Placentia, 283
Police, 111-112, 164-165, 198, 285, 323, 327, 343, 344, 362-363
LA County Sheriff, 320, 325-326, 328
Long Beach, 36-37, 62, 63-64, 84, 87, 95-98, 99-100, 132, 151-156, 223, 241, 252-253, 254, 288, 290, 313-316, 319-320, 324, 327-328, 335, 337-338, 340, 349, 363
Los Angeles, 74, 81, 240, 241-242, 317-318, 320, 321, 325, 327, 338-340
Signal Hill, 325-327
Political office, 149, 150, 171, 348
Pomona, 27-28, 75
Population, 9, 16, 29, 60, 110, 121, 124, 127, 137, 179, 205, 211, 226, 238, 275, 285, 287, 295, 322, 332, 362-363
Poor Farm, 26, 132-16,133
Port. See Harbor
Potts, Daniel Leander, 92-93
Powell, Elizabeth and Diane, 282
Powell, Ralph, 84-85, 87
Preacely, Earnest, 297
Price, Lillian, 141
Prince, Wesley, 266
Progressive Citizens of America, 276-277
Prohibition, 73, 121, 171, 198
Q
Queens Historical Society, 311
R
Racism, iii, v, 70-71, 81, 91, 103, 111-112, 113, 132, 148-149, 225, 239, 251, 262, 289-293, 300-302, 305-310, 321, 337, 338, 365, 366
Railroads, 26, 54-56, 138, 166, 179, 185
Los Angeles Terminal Railway Company, 34-35, 160
Pacific Electric, 57, 59-60, 62-63, 73-74, 92, 94, 166, 167
Salt Lake, 62, 160
Santa Fe, 2, 28, 122-123, 124
Southern Pacific, 1-3, 4, 28, 53, 54, 166, 167
Union Pacific, 180, 234
Rambo, John, 192-193
Ramsey, Albert, 254
Ramsey, Elinor. See Washington, Elinor Ramsey
Ramsey, George, 73
Rancho Los Alamitos, 5, 53, 59
Rancho Los Cerritos, 5
Rationing, 224, 264
Rattlesnake Island. See Terminal Island
Recall of city officials, 188-189
Redd, Alton, 204
Rent control. See Housing:Rent control
Restivo, Peter, 152-153
Rice, George, 151-152
Richards, Bill and Roy, 157
Richardson, Donald, 334
Richardson, Evelyn, 127
Riots, 114, 241, 238-242, 285, 323, 325, 327
Long Beach, 241, 295, 298, 319, 326, 327
Watts, 299, 312, 317-323, 340, 343
Riverside, 27, 63
Roberts, Frederick M., 171
Robertson, Peter, 91
Robeson, Paul, 142
Robinson, Dora. See Daniels, Dora Robinson
Robinson, Bill “Bojangles”, 175, 192
Robinson, Jackie, 286
Robinson, Lue, 114-115, 180
Robinson, Sarah, 96, 97
Roland Hayes Political Study Club, 132, 202
Rose, Mary Lee, 348
Ross, Johnny, Rev., 91
Rumford Act. See Legislation
Russell, Clayton, Rev., 225
S
Salazar, Ruben, 325
Salvation Army, 99, 187, 197-198, 245, 348
Sam, Alfred, 104
San Francisco, 14, 18, 19, 30, 33, 43, 46, 78, 83, 179, 341-342
San Pedro, 34, 35, 37-38, 91, 105, 130, 167, 274, 283
Sanders, Effie, 4, 114-115, 116, 180-181
Santa Monica, 27, 166, 302, 327, 333
Saxton, Lilian Brikbeck, 334
Schools, 76, 78, 130, 181, 196, 199, 203, 213, 216, 230-231, 248-249, 296, 298, 320, 322, 331-334, 344
City College, 198, 255, 292, 294, 333
Long Beach State College, 300-302, 325, 341-343
Poly High, 95, 127, 128, 203, 231, 287, 319, 324, 333, 334-335, 336, 337-338, 348
Sororities, 300-302, 324
University of California, 364-365
Schwartz, Eugene, 283-284
Scott, Emerson, 204
Scott, Walter L., 249
Seaside Inn. See Hotels:Seaside Inn
Second Baptist Church. See Churches:Second Baptist
Second Baptist Church of Los Angeles. See Churches: Second Baptist Church of Los Angeles
Second Confiscation Act. See Legislation
Segregation, 44, 114-115, 131, 159-160, 202, 205, 206-207, 229, 231-232, 233, 235, 238, 263, 267, 272-273, 281, 291, 296, 331-332, 334, 336, 340, 364
Settles, Ron, 325-326
Shankle, John, 69-70, 91
Shaw, Hattie, 91
Shenk Rule. See Legislation
Shepard, Joysteen, 301
Shepherd, Huey, 225
Shilling, Cecil, 206
Ships
Ark, 104-106
Booker T. Washington, 76
Northampton, 232
Pleasure boats, 171-172
USS Missouri, 261
Shipyards, 38, 47, 87, 131, 137, 138, 142, 211, 233, 241, 253, 258, 265, 273, 280, 283, 347, 349
Sifford, Charles, 286
Simon, James D., 232
Simonsen, Donald, 342
Sims, Jimmy, 127, 128
Slavery, 9-10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 20, 23, 44, 56, 57, 96, 99, 133-134, 138, 163
Sororities. See Schools:Sororities
Southern Pacific. See Railroads:Southern Pacific
Spanish American War, 41-47
Spencer, Willie Ardele. See White, Willie
Sports
Baseball, 127, 274
Boxing, 175, 182-185, 191, 251, 252
Football, 127, 229, 287, 324, 325, 333, 341, 349
Golf, 189, 213, 279, 286
Olympics, iii, 190-192
Soccer, 127
Tennis, 286
Track and Field, 191-192, 333, 334, 349
St. John’s Baptist Church. See Churches:St John’s Baptist
Steele, A. G. D., Rev., 102
Stephens, Amanda, 128
Stewart, Gladys Nadeau, 334
Stewart, Robert W., 81
Stokes, Louise, 191-192
Stubblefield, Harry, 20-23
Stubblefield, Sina and Peter, 20, 22
Sugar beets, 53-54, 58, 279
Sunset Beach, 161
T
Taubman, George, Rev., 149-150
Taxes, 64, 71, 78, 95, 170, 188, 189, 219, 285
Taylor, Breonna, 327
Taylor, Clyde, 342
Teamsters. See Unions
Teel, Courtney, 246
Tennessee, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 52, 64
Terminal Island, 34, 60, 104-105, 159-160, 211-213, 224, 237, 246, 258
Terminal Railway. See Railroads: Los Angeles Terminal Railroad Company
Terry, Charles and Ruby, 289-292, 314
Texas, 17, 19, 46, 55, 69, 92, 99, 103, 104, 111-112, 132, 180, 204, 217, 231, 280, 317, 347
Thiele, James, 316-317
Thomas, Joseph T., Rev., 274, 275
Thomas, Sakkara Ingrid, 310-311
Thomas, Sam, 84-86, 88
Thompson, Carl, 73
Thompson, Gale, 169
Thompson, Marjorie, 333
Thornton, Joe, 333
Titsworth, Delores, 333
Tolan, Eddie, 192
Tomerlin, Jackson, 252
Topsy-Elvord, Doris, 348
Townsend Plan, 199-200
Truman Boyd Manor. See Housing:Truman Boyd Manor
Turnham, Edyth, 204
Tuskegee Institute, 75, 111, 229-230
U
U. S. Air Force, 230, 283, 265, 266, 284, 290
U. S. Army, 17, 21, 23, 45, 110, 114, 116, 206, 223, 224, 229, 231, 232, 262, 266, 347, 349
Buffalo soldiers, 43-44, 110, 266, 267
Chemical Division, 233-237, 245
Harlem Hellfighters, 113
U. S. Navy, 42, 110, 114-115, 206-207, 223, 224, 231, 232, 233-234, 263, 281
Los Alamitos Naval Air Station, 237
Roosevelt base, 211-212, 233, 237, 246, 258, 265
Seal Beach Weapons Depot, 237
WAVES, 238
Unemployment, 185-190, 200, 202, 297, 321, 323, 338
Union Pacific. See Railroads:Union Pacific
Unions, 2, 19, 147, 148, 150, 217-219, 271, 273
United Automobile Workers. See Unions
United Services Organizations (USO), 103, 245-247, 249-250, 251, 348
Universities. See Schools
Utt, Lysander, 11
V
Val Verde, 174
Van Orman, Chester, 43
Vaughn, George L., 277
Veal, Dennis, 132
Veal, Lillian. See McBride, Lillian Veal
Villa Riviera. See Apartments
Virginia, 79, 137-138, 232
Virginia Hotel. See Hotels:Virginia
Virtue, Rhue Hope, 333
Voting, 9, 13-14, 25, 28-29, 72, 139, 195, 199, 218-219, 278, 296, 305, 306, 309, 325, 331, 340, 364-365
W
Wagner Act. See Unions
Walker, Booker T., 231
Walker, Florida, 128-129
Walker, George, 97
Walker, Joe, 321
War medals, 45, 116, 231, 349, 353
Washington, Anna Belle, 169
Washington, Ariana, 192
Washington, Arthur Edward 127-128
Washington, Booker T., 52, 75-76, 117, 149, 151, 229, 239
Washington, Elinor Ramsey, 140
Washington, Frank, Rev., 130
Washington, Leon, 142, 201-202, 305-306
Washington, Norman, 140
Waters, George, 36-37
Watts, 102, 124, 250, 299, 317-323
Wesley, Lillie Mae, 348-349
West Long Beach, 207, 274-275, 280-281, 287, 294, 295, 311, 349
White, Henry Clay, Rev., 102-103
White, Reuben Benjamin, 117
White, Willie, 178, 202-203, 247
Whitlock. F. LeMoyne, Rev., 287
Whittier, Jayda, 314, 333
Widney, Robert M., 13-14, 25
Wilbur, Frank, Rev., 60
Wilcox, Samuel, 272-273
Wilkins, Anthony, 338-340, 341, 343
Williams, Feab Sylvester. See Godfrey, George
Williams, Herb, 204
Williams, Otis and Etta, 292-293
Williams, Paul, 210, 212-213
Willmore City, 6, 25
Willmore, William, 1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 14, 26, 132
Willowbrook, 274, 322, 333
Wilmington, 1, 129, 182, 184, 215, 320
Wilson, Adrian, 212
Wilson, Faye, 253
Winfield, Joanne, 301
Wing, Kenneth, 206
Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service. See U. S. Navy: WAVES
Wood, Leon, Rev., 338
Wooley, Johnnie, 252
Woolwine, Thomas Lee, 155
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 174, 200-201, 217
World War I, 96, 109-117, 206
World War II, 47, 103, 114, 128, 131, 223-245, 263, 271
Y
YMCA, 75, 203, 325
YWCA, 202, 287, 288, 325
Z
Zion Hill Baptist Church of Los Angeles. See Churches: Zion Hill Baptist
Zoot Suit riot, 238-242